Detailed Notes on 癌症

放射治療可用來治療發生在各個部位的固态瘤，包括腦、乳房、子宮頸、咽喉、肺、胰、前列腺、皮膚、胃、子宮或軟組織的肉瘤，治療白血病和淋巴瘤有時也會使用輻射。放射治療所使用的輻射劑量取決於多項因素，例如癌症種類以及是否有可能破壞週遭組織和器官。如同其他的治療方式，放射治療仍然有其副作用存在。

在正常细胞生长期间经常会发生基因突变。但细胞含有一种可识别何时发生错误并修复错误的机制。有时会漏掉某种错误。这种情况可能导致细胞癌变。

局部症狀：異常腫塊或腫脹（腫瘤），出血，疼痛和潰瘍。因為腫瘤壓迫周遭組織所引起的症狀，如黃疸。

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腫瘤較大但尚未擴散（癌細胞尚可被定位、手術移除，可能不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療）

有多种类型，常见药物有利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗、贝伐珠单抗、替吡法尼、伊马替尼、索拉非尼、舒尼替尼、血管抑素、硼替佐米等。

化学致癌物，例如石棉、烟草烟雾成分、酒精、黄曲霉毒素（一种食品污染物）和砷（一种饮水污染物）；

烷化剂、酰化剂、亚硝胺类、芳香胺、环氧化物等具有致癌作用，导致基因异常突变。

The phrase comes from The traditional Greek καρκίνος, indicating 'crab' and 'tumor'. Greek doctors Hippocrates and Galen, among others, observed the similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The word was released in English in the modern healthcare perception all around 1600.[28]

出生后发生的基因突变。大多数基因突变会在您出生后发生，并且不会被遗传。有多种因素会导致基因突变，例如抽烟、辐射、病毒、致癌化学物质（致癌物）、肥胖症、激素、慢性发炎和缺乏运动。

制定标准和工具，以指导筹划和实施针对成人和儿童癌症的预防、早期诊断、筛查、治疗、姑息治疗和生存关怀措施；

In The usa and A few other cultures, most cancers is viewed as a ailment that has to be "fought" to end the "civil insurrection"; a War on Most cancers was declared inside the US. Army metaphors are particularly popular in descriptions of cancer's human effects, 癌症 and so they emphasize each the point out in the patient's health and fitness and the need to choose fast, decisive steps himself in lieu of to hold off, to ignore or to depend entirely on Other folks. The military metaphors also enable rationalize radical, destructive therapies.[242][243]

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While epigenetic alterations are located in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA maintenance genes, resulting in minimized expression of DNA repair service proteins, can be of distinct relevance.